Solution Design
Architecture that scales. We design multi-vendor network solutions — routed, switched, and overlay — aligned to your traffic patterns and business objectives.
Certified Network Experts · Serving Enterprise Canada Since 2000
Internetworking Solutions
Delivered at the Speed of Light
From carrier-grade telecommunications to AI-driven data fabrics — we architect, deploy, and automate the networks that power Canada's leading enterprises.
20+Years Experience
ExpertCertified Engineers
100%Enterprise Focus
Who We Are
Design, Implementation, and Support — We've Got It Covered.
Interconnected Systems Inc. is a premium provider of enterprise and telecom internetworking consulting and solutions. We have decades of experience, and our clients include some of the biggest names in media and telecommunications.
Our experts are certified in the latest technologies and well-versed in tackling any challenge — whether you need solution design, infrastructure assessment, full-scale implementation, or around-the-clock troubleshooting. We engineer networks that are resilient, automated, and ready for the demands of AI-era workloads.
Contact Us TodayEnd-to-End Network Services
From initial design through ongoing optimization — we deliver solutions at every stage of your network lifecycle.
Infrastructure Assessment
Deep-dive audits of your existing environment. We identify performance bottlenecks, security gaps, and capacity constraints before they become outages.
Implementation & Deployment
Zero-downtime rollouts of complex network infrastructure. Certified engineers execute precision deployments across Cisco, Juniper, and HPE platforms.
Network Automation
Transform operations with intent-based networking and infrastructure-as-code. Reduce toil, eliminate config drift, and deploy changes in minutes with Ansible and Python.
AI Fabric & HPC Networking
Ultra-low-latency, high-throughput fabrics required for GPU clusters, ML training, and inference workloads. RDMA, RoCEv2, and lossless Ethernet expertise.
NOC & Troubleshooting
When the network is down, every second counts. Rapid root-cause analysis and resolution for the most complex multi-vendor, multi-protocol environments.
Technologies We Master
Deep, vendor-certified expertise across the industry's leading networking platforms — from physical transport to cloud overlay.
CISCO
Cisco
Deep, hands-on expertise across IOS-XE, IOS-XR, NX-OS, ACI, SD-WAN, and Catalyst. Routing, switching, security, wireless, and data center — certified and field-proven.
IOS-XRNX-OS / ACISD-WANCatalystASR / NCS
JUNIPER
Juniper Networks
Junos OS experts delivering high-performance routing, switching, and security. Apstra-powered intent-based networking for modern AI-ready data centers.
Junos OSApstra IBNMX / QFX / EXSRXMist AI
HPE / ARUBA
HPE & Aruba
HPE ProLiant, Synergy, and Aruba CX switching for AI-ready infrastructure. AOS-CX, ClearPass NAC, and Central cloud management.
Aruba CXAOS-CXClearPassFlexFabricAruba Central
TELECOM
Telecommunications
Carrier-grade design and delivery. MPLS, BGP, optical transport, and last-mile connectivity for ISPs and large enterprise WAN environments.
BGP / MPLSDWDM / OpticalSR-MPLSSRv6EVPN
AUTOMATION
Network Automation
Infrastructure-as-Code for networking. Ansible, Python, YANG, RESTCONF/NETCONF, and GitOps pipelines that eliminate manual toil at scale.
AnsiblePython / NornirNETCONF / YANGTerraformGit / CI-CD
AI FABRIC
AI Fabric Design
Purpose-built fabrics for GPU-dense AI/ML infrastructure. Lossless RoCEv2, ECN, PFC, and congestion control optimized for distributed training workloads.
RoCEv2 / RDMA400G / 800GECMP / ECMP+ECN / PFCAI / ML Infra
Free Online Network Diagnostic Tools
Professional-grade tools for network engineers — port scanner, subnet calculator, traceroute/MTR, BGP/ASN lookup, DNS propagation, SPF/DMARC, DNSSEC, VoIP, wireless calculators, protocol reference, and more. Free, no login required.
Free IPv4 Subnet Calculator
CIDR ↔ Subnet Mask
Wildcard Mask Calculator
IPv6 Subnet Calculator
IP Geolocation & ISP Info
Look up geolocation, ISP, ASN, and timezone for any IP address. Leave blank to look up your own IP.
Network Path Traceroute / MTR
Trace the IPv4 or IPv6 network path from our server to any host — shows each hop, packet loss, and average latency.
Advanced Path Trace (gtrace)
Deep network path analysis with automatic MPLS label-stack decoding, ECMP/load-balancing path discovery, NAT identification, Path MTU, and ASN/geo enrichment per hop. Multi-protocol: ICMP, UDP, or TCP.
TCP Port Scanner
TCP connect scan from our server against any public host. Private IPs blocked. Max 20 ports, 30-second rate limit per IP. Custom: enter ports as 80,443,8000-8010.
Packet Header Size Reference
| Protocol | Header (bytes) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ethernet II | 14 | 6 dst + 6 src + 2 EtherType |
| 802.1Q VLAN | +4 | TPID(2) + TCI(2) inserted |
| 802.1ad Q-in-Q | +8 | Outer + inner VLAN tags |
| IPv4 | 20 – 60 | 20 min; options add up to 40 |
| IPv6 | 40 | Fixed; ext. headers are separate |
| TCP | 20 – 60 | 20 min; options (SACK, TS) up to 40 |
| UDP | 8 | Fixed; src/dst port + len + checksum |
| ICMP / ICMPv6 | 8 | Echo: type+code+checksum+id+seq |
| MPLS label | 4 / label | Label(20b)+TC(3)+S(1)+TTL(8) |
| GRE | 4 – 16 | 4 min; +4 each for key/seq/checksum |
| VXLAN | 8 | +outer UDP(8)+IP(20)+Eth(14) = 50 total |
| GENEVE | 8+ | 8 fixed + variable TLV options |
| GTP-U | 8 – 12 | LTE/5G user plane; 8 min |
| IPsec ESP | 8+ | SPI(4)+Seq(4)+IV+payload+ICV |
| IPsec AH | 24 | Fixed for SHA-256; no encryption |
| NSH | 8+ | Network Svc Header (SFC path) |
| SRv6 SRH | 8+(16×n) | 8 base + 16 bytes per SID in list |
| PPPoE | +8 | Over Ethernet; adds 6-byte hdr + 2 proto |
My IP Address
Detect your public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as seen from the internet.
CIDR Quick Reference
| CIDR | Subnet Mask | Hosts |
|---|
TCP Throughput Calculator
Theoretical network limit via the Mathis formula: T = (MSS / RTT) × (1 / √Loss). Enter MSS, RTT, and observed loss rate to find the maximum achievable TCP throughput.
Real-World TCP Throughput
Bandwidth-Delay Product & TCP buffer sizing: BDP = BW × RTT, T ≤ buffer / RTT. Shows how much window you need and what throughput your current buffer actually delivers.
ASN Lookup
Enter an AS number to retrieve BGP origin info, name, registry, country, and announced prefixes.
BGP Prefix Lookup
Look up BGP routing info for any IPv4 or IPv6 prefix — origin ASN, announcing organization, and upstream visibility.
IP BGP Origin Lookup
Enter any IP address to find its origin ASN, announced prefix, registry info, and geolocation.
BGP Looking Glass Directory
Public BGP looking glasses — run traceroute, ping, and BGP table queries from global vantage points.
Live Route Views Terminal
Interactive BGP terminal connected directly to public Route Views servers. Type Cisco IOS commands — try show ip bgp summary or show ip bgp 8.8.8.0/24. Read-only; no authentication required.
DNS Record Lookup
Query any DNS record type via Google's public resolver. Supports A, AAAA, MX, NS, TXT, CNAME, SOA, PTR, CAA, SRV, and more.
Reverse DNS (PTR) Lookup
Resolve an IP address to its hostname via PTR record lookup. Works for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
DNS Propagation Checker
Compare DNS responses from Google (8.8.8.8) and Cloudflare (1.1.1.1) to verify a record has propagated globally.
Email Security (SPF / DMARC / MX)
Check a domain's email authentication setup — MX mail servers, SPF sender policy, and DMARC enforcement policy.
DNSSEC Validator
Check whether a domain has DNSSEC enabled and whether its signatures validate correctly via Google's validating resolver.
IPv4 ↔ Binary / Decimal
IPv6 Expander / Compressor
Bandwidth Calculator
IP Range → CIDR Blocks
RF Power Converter
Convert between dBm, dBW, mW, W, and µW. Essential for reading RF specs and regulatory limits.
Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)
Calculate signal attenuation over distance using the Friis transmission equation. Ideal conditions, no obstacles.
EIRP Calculator
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power — Tx Power + Antenna Gain − Cable Loss. Used for regulatory compliance.
Link Budget Calculator
Calculate received signal power and link margin for a point-to-point wireless link.
WiFi Signal Quality
Translate a received signal level (dBm) into quality rating, estimated SNR, and expected 802.11ax throughput.
Wi-Fi Channel Reference
| Ch | Center (MHz) | Notes |
|---|
Codec Bandwidth Calculator
Calculate bandwidth per call including RTP/UDP/IP and Ethernet overhead for common VoIP codecs.
VoIP Call Capacity
How many concurrent VoIP calls fit in a given link bandwidth? Results shown per codec (full-duplex, with Ethernet overhead).
MOS / Voice Quality (E-Model)
Estimate MOS (1–5) and R-Factor using the ITU-T E-Model. Accounts for codec, one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter.
DTMF Tone Generator
Click keys to generate DTMF tones via the Web Audio API. Plays dual-tone multi-frequency signals used in telephony.
SIP Server DNS Lookup
Look up SIP SRV records (_sip._udp, _sip._tcp, _sips._tcp) to find SIP server addresses and ports for a domain.
SIP Response Code Reference
| Code | Description |
|---|
OSPF
LSA Types
| Type | Name | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Router LSA | Intra-area |
| 2 | Network LSA (DR) | Intra-area |
| 3 | Summary Network LSA (ABR) | Inter-area |
| 4 | ASBR Summary LSA (ABR) | Inter-area |
| 5 | AS External LSA (ASBR) | AS-wide |
| 7 | NSSA External LSA | NSSA area |
| 9 | Opaque (link-local, TE, SR) | Link-local |
| 10 | Opaque (area, TE RSVP) | Intra-area |
| 11 | Opaque (AS-wide) | AS-wide |
Neighbor States
Down → Attempt → Init → 2-Way → ExStart → Exchange → Loading → Full
Area Types
| Area | LSA 5 | LSA 3/4 | LSA 7 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Backbone (0) | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Stub | ✗ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Totally Stub | ✗ | ✗ (default only) | ✗ |
| NSSA | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Totally NSSA | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
Key timers: Hello 10 s / Dead 40 s (NBMA: 30/120). LSA max-age 3600 s. DR/BDR elected on broadcast & NBMA only.
BGP — iBGP vs eBGP
| Property | iBGP | eBGP |
|---|---|---|
| AD | 200 | 20 |
| NEXT_HOP | Unchanged | Set to self |
| AS_PATH | Unchanged | Prepend own ASN |
| LOCAL_PREF | Propagated | Not sent out |
| MED | Not propagated | Sent to eBGP peer |
| Full mesh | Required (or RR/Confed) | N/A |
| TTL | 255 | 1 (use EBGP multihop) |
Path Selection (in order)
| 1 | Highest WEIGHT (Cisco-local) |
| 2 | Highest LOCAL_PREF |
| 3 | Locally originated (network/aggregate) |
| 4 | Shortest AS_PATH |
| 5 | Lowest ORIGIN (IGP < EGP < Incomplete) |
| 6 | Lowest MED (same AS) |
| 7 | Prefer eBGP over iBGP |
| 8 | Lowest IGP metric to NEXT_HOP |
| 9 | Oldest eBGP path / lowest Router ID |
| 10 | Lowest peer IP address |
IS-IS
Levels
| Level | Function | LSDB |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | Intra-area routing | Area LSDB |
| L2 | Inter-area (backbone) | Backbone LSDB |
| L1/L2 | ABR equivalent | Both LSDBs |
PDU Types
| PDU | Purpose |
|---|---|
| IIH | IS-IS Hello — neighbour discovery & keepalive |
| LSP | Link State PDU — topology advertisement |
| CSNP | Complete Seq. — full LSDB summary (DR only) |
| PSNP | Partial Seq. — request / acknowledge LSPs |
Key TLVs
| TLV | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Area Addresses |
| 2 | IS Neighbours (L1) |
| 22 | Extended IS Reachability (TE metric) |
| 128 | IP Internal Reachability |
| 130 | IP External Reachability |
| 135 | Extended IP Reachability (TE) |
| 232 | IPv6 Reachability |
| 236 | IPv6 Interface Address |
NET format: 49.0001.0100.1001.0001.00 — Area · System-ID · NSEL(00)
MPLS & Segment Routing
MPLS Label Operations
| Op | Description |
|---|---|
| PUSH | Add label (ingress LER) |
| SWAP | Replace label (transit LSR) |
| POP | Remove label (egress LER) |
| PHP | Pop label one hop before egress (implicit-null) |
Label Stack Fields (20+3+1 bits)
Label (20b) · TC/EXP (3b, QoS) · S bit (1b, bottom-of-stack) · TTL (8b)
SR-MPLS
| SID Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Prefix-SID | Node SID — globally unique, from SRGB |
| Adj-SID | Link SID — locally significant, dynamic |
| BGP-Prefix-SID | Prefix SID distributed via BGP |
SRv6
| Behaviour | Description |
|---|---|
| End | Endpoint — decrement SL, next SID lookup |
| End.X | Endpoint with cross-connect (L3 adj) |
| End.DT4/6 | Endpoint with DT — L3VPN per-table lookup |
| End.DX2 | Endpoint — L2 cross-connect (EVPN) |
| End.B6.Encaps | Binding SID encapsulation |
SRv6 SID: Locator:Function:Args (128-bit IPv6). uSID format uses 32-bit micro-segments.
EVPN Route Types
| Type | Name | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ethernet Auto-Discovery | Mass withdrawal, aliasing (multi-homing) |
| 2 | MAC/IP Advertisement | MAC learning, ARP suppression, host routes |
| 3 | Inclusive Multicast ET (IMET) | BUM flooding — announce VTEP membership |
| 4 | Ethernet Segment Route | DF election, multi-homing ES discovery |
| 5 | IP Prefix Route | IRB/inter-subnet routing, L3VPN prefixes |
VXLAN Concepts
| Term | Detail |
|---|---|
| VNI | 24-bit VXLAN Network ID (~16M segments) |
| UDP port | 4789 (IANA) — outer UDP encapsulation |
| VTEP | VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint — encap/decap point |
| L2 VNI | Bridge domain / broadcast domain |
| L3 VNI | VRF / inter-subnet routing (symmetric IRB) |
IRB Models
| Model | Route at | L3 VNI |
|---|---|---|
| Asymmetric | Ingress only | Not required |
| Symmetric | Ingress + Egress | Required (per VRF) |
RT format: ASN:VNI. BGP EVPN AFI 25/SAFI 70. Type-2 carries MAC+IP, enables ARP suppression. Type-5 enables host-route injection from VMs.
BGP Attributes Quick Reference
| Attribute | Type | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| ORIGIN | Well-known mandatory | IGP / EGP / incomplete |
| AS_PATH | Well-known mandatory | Loop prevention + path selection |
| NEXT_HOP | Well-known mandatory | Next-hop IP for prefix |
| LOCAL_PREF | Well-known discretionary | iBGP only — exit selection |
| ATOMIC_AGGR | Well-known discretionary | Aggregation indicator |
| MED | Optional non-transitive | Suggest entry point to neighbour AS |
| COMMUNITY | Optional transitive | 32-bit tag — policy signalling |
| EXT_COMMUNITY | Optional transitive | 64-bit — VPN RT/RD, SoO, CoS |
| LARGE_COMMUNITY | Optional transitive | 96-bit — RFC 8092 |
| AGGREGATOR | Optional transitive | ASN + IP of aggregating router |
Well-known Communities
| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
| NO_EXPORT (0xFFFFFF01) | Do not advertise beyond AS boundary |
| NO_ADVERTISE (0xFFFFFF02) | Do not advertise to any peer |
| NO_EXPORT_SUBCONFED (0xFFFFFF03) | Do not export to eBGP sub-confederation peers |
| BLACKHOLE (65535:666) | RTBH — discard matching traffic (RFC 7999) |
Common BFD Timers (reference)
Min interval 50–300 ms typical. Multiplier 3 (detect = interval × mult). Async mode standard; Echo mode for single-hop. Micro BFD for LAG members.
BGP & Routing
- Hurricane Electric BGP ToolkitASN, prefix, trace, whois
- HE.net Looking GlassTraceroute / ping from 30+ global PoPs
- BGP.toolsAdvanced BGP explorer & visualizer
- RIPE StatBGP analytics, routing history, visibility
- RPKI Validator (Cloudflare)Validate ROAs and route origin authorization
- PeeringDBIX and network peering database
- BGPlayAnimated BGP routing history visualization
- Route ViewsBGP routing table archive
Network Automation
- Ansible Network AutomationAgentless multi-vendor automation
- NAPALMMulti-vendor network API library
- NornirPython-native automation framework
- NetmikoSSH library for network devices
- BatfishNetwork configuration analysis and verification
- TerraformInfrastructure as Code
- NetBoxIPAM, DCIM & network source of truth
Monitoring & Observability
Packet Analysis & Testing
IPAM, DCIM & Documentation
- NetBoxIPAM, DCIM, network source of truth
- phpIPAMOpen-source IP address management
- draw.ioFree network diagramming tool
- MX ToolboxMX, SPF, DKIM, blacklist checks
- IANA Port NumbersOfficial port & service name registry
- RFC EditorFull-text IETF RFC search
Juniper & Cisco Tools
- Juniper Apps PortalJTAC, feature explorer, config builder
- Juniper TechLibraryFull Junos OS documentation
- Cisco DevNetAPIs, SDKs, and automation resources
- Cisco Software DownloadIOS/NX-OS/ACI firmware
- HPE Aruba DocsAOS-CX, ClearPass, Central guides
Why Interconnected Systems?
For over two decades, Canada's most demanding enterprises have trusted us to design, deploy, and support their critical network infrastructure.
Certified Professionals
Our engineers are certified by Cisco, Juniper, and HPE — among the highest vendor credentials in the industry. You get proven expertise backed by many years of real-world experience, not just paper qualifications.
Networking Experts
From BGP route policy to AI fabric QoS to SD-WAN migrations — we're well-versed in the full technology stack and ready to tackle any challenge you throw at us.
Trusted by Enterprise
Bell, Rogers, BMO, Bruce Power, CTV, and Allstream — Canada's biggest names in telecom, finance, energy, and media have relied on us to keep their networks running.
To learn more about our company, visit our About Us section or contact us directly.
Trusted by Canada's Leading Organizations
From national telecom carriers to major financial institutions and broadcast networks — our clients depend on us for their most critical infrastructure.
About Us
Decades of Network Engineering Excellence
Interconnected Systems Inc. has been architecting and delivering mission-critical network infrastructure for Canada's largest enterprises and telecommunications providers for over two decades. Our team brings hands-on expertise across the full technology stack — from physical-layer optical transport to application-aware SD-WAN overlays and AI-driven network automation.
We don't just design networks — we operate them, troubleshoot them, and continuously evolve them as technology and business requirements change. When the biggest names in Canadian media, banking, energy, and telecommunications need complex network problems solved, they call Interconnected Systems.
Cisco CertifiedRouting & Switching · Service Provider
Juniper CertifiedEnterprise & Service Provider
HPE ASEData Center & Hybrid IT
Ready to Elevate Your Network?
Tell us about your challenge. Our engineers will respond with a clear, actionable plan.
Toll-Free
1-877-368-1235
Response Time
Within 1 business day
Location
Canada · Remote Delivery Worldwide